CARMEN ROSA PINILLA DÍAZ - Historian - Zapatoca, Colombia
Few characters in the history universal have so studied, as which we all call Christopher Columbus and, however, nobody as unknown as him. After 500 years it is we licit to doubt of their name, of their birthplace, of their language, of their signature, of their childhood. Some authors mallorquines sustain that the navigator's true name was Cristófor Colom and that he was born in a Catalan town near Palm of Majorca, called Genoa, between 1430 and 1450.
He had a certain cosmógrafo preparation and marine that he had full conscience of that he made and in no way you can sustain that he didn't know, neither to where he went, neither what lands he was stepping. He had previous knowledge of America for the informations that he gave him Alonso Sánchez of Huelva that had been in the Antilles in 1485.
It has been said that 1492, in the history of Spain were a crucial year because three important things that rebounded in the universal history happened: the expulsion of the Arab, Moorish calls that had arrived from Mauritania; the expulsion of the Jews that they had not become to the Christianity, and the discovery of the New World; all these events had the Reyes' Catholics patronage, Fernando from Aragon and Isabel from Castile in common, and they were good to consolidate the unit, so much of the peninsular Kingdom, as of the faith and the Spanish culture. The capitulation of Granada and the order of leaving Spain to the Jews were bound closely to the search of new lands that they were establishment for the proscribed.
Columbus's excellent merit is to have had anger and decision to begin the recognition of the transatlantic route toward the Antillean islands during its first trip, of August 3 at October 12 1492. Of there their almost eight year-old insistence to get the capitulations that finally achieved in Santafé, in April of 1492, because being authorized their trip, it could claim prebends and bonuses and gift's titles, governor and until of viceroy, purpose that he/she loved with singular bravery.
Each one of Columbus's four trips had a different purpose; there is consent on the second and the third that were made to establish colonies in the new continent and to pick up pearls, respectively; on the fourth carried out trip, to look for the strait that allowed the Molucas to pass; on the other hand, it has not been possible to reach an agreement regarding the purpose of Columbus's first trip.
To the dawn of August 3 1492 it went out with their small company (of the exact number they don't still come to an agreement the investigators), in two caravels, The Spot and The Niña (or Santa Clara) and a nao, The Galician, rebaptized as Santa María that they cost around two million maravedíes, of which Columbus put a fourth part, lent by the House Berardi, the Chaffinch and the Boy another point who you/they accompanied him in this first trip, and, the Reyes Catholics, something more than a million. Of the men to bordo, uno was homicidal, many criminals converts of the jails of Spain, the Chaffinch of Sticks and the Children of Moguer who completed the company.
This first trip, the discovery, you can divide in six stages: Of Sticks to Canaries, August 3-9: these islands were Castilian and they could not be surpassed without invading Portuguese waters. Columbus knew that could navigate toward occident for the parallel one 28 thanks to the trade of the north.
Of Canaries to Guanahaní (September 8 at October 12). Route toward the occident, on-line almost direct, until traveling 800 leagues; intents of Columbus and of some sailors to be returned; Chaffinch insists in the direction and force to Columbus to continue the project of going to the islands that you/they appear in the brought maps of Rome. Some days but it takes, two hours after the midnight of October 12, it seemed the earth sighted from the previous night, when a supposed, but impossible lucecilla of seeing at the distance in that they were, for the bend of the planet, made them predict “the discovery.”
Of Guanahaní to the island of Haiti, going by Cuba, of October 12, at January 16 1493. Of the Spaniard to the Azores, (January 16 at February 17), With two caravels, Columbus begins the return eligiendo the best route and in favor of the winds; but it arrived mistakenly in the Azores for blame of a storm, when he planned to arrive to Canaries; of Azores to Lisbon (February 24 at March 4), Accidental encounter with the king from Portugal who argues that the islands that are to the occident belong him for the treaty of 1479, because they are to the south of the Canaries. Of Lisbon with a stick (13 at March 15 1493). Columbus goes to his benefactors informing them of the trip, bringing like test some Indians, precious stones, diverse variety of birds, but in particular, a lot of gold.
Of all the attributable errors to Columbus, the most serious was the one of introducing the European slavery in America. In their first trip it captured ten Indians to exhibit them in the markets of Seville; equal was cruel with the Spaniards. The first chaplain that came with him in the second trip to the New World, the father Boyl, accused him of torturing.
In their last years, prey of desorbitadas ponderings and of opposing feelings, to the point that many thought it crazy, he began to call himself to itself viceroy from Asia, to be foredoomed by the Writings to discover a third mundo. Decepcionado for the treatment that received for their services to the kings, but not poor, he died in 1506 without being claimed before their fellow citizens.
THE OTHER DISCOVERIES: - (Francisco Anzuris Osorio, Liberal Vanguard). Siempre has been sold the idea that our American floor didn't exist in the mind of the Europeans before Christopher Columbus arrival with its depredadores retinue; and that it was Spain the author of so great work, and that we were done a great favor when bringing the civilization to these lands; civilization loaded with selfishness, ambition, wickedness, violations, looting, inquisition and other endemias of those that “they enjoyed” the correspondents of the Catholic kings. Now, in the beginnings of the XXI century, it is worthwhile to wonder, if it is certain or not, that whole rhetoric that for more than 500 years we have been inculcated.
Legends and traditions, were not able to interest the sages from the Europe of the XIV and XV centuries, on the existence of a completely unknown continent, to the other side of the ocean. These doctors didn't want to know anything him not to be in the Bible and grasped to a fanatic mysticism, it prevented them to accept the idea of the existence of other lands beyond the horizon because the divine book didn't say anything in this respect. Also, they were governed by the dogmatism imposed by the Vatican and its “Santa” Inquisition, and that he dared to think the opposite, it would be taken to the blaze by heretic.
As you it can appreciate, this concept was missed clearly, since the oldest document that one has knowledge regarding our lands, we find it, in fact in the same Bible, in the “I liberate of the Chronicles or Paralipómenos”, chapter III, verse 6; Chapter VIII, verses 17 and 18, and, Chapter IX, verses 10 and 21. In the “I Liberate of the Reyes”, Chapter X, verses 11 and 22, we are informed of transatlantic trips, with the purpose of taking gold to the king Salomón so that it covered the Temple of gold and precious stones, brought of the region of Parvaim, “tierras of the other side of the sea ocean”, for the ships of Hirám.
Many investigators and historians, agree in that Parvaim, Peru means. This gives us the idea that, from the king's times Salomón, ya one had knowledge of the existence from a great earth to the “another side of the sea ocean”. now then, from the author of a polyglot, Aryan Bible Montalvo, until celebrated illuminated English of the XIX century, Lord Kingsborough, one has wanted to represent the existence of the Amerindian in the biblical outline.
For Aryan Montalvo, the first ones in stepping American floor, were two of the children of Jactàn who in turn, he was great-grandson of Sem, one of Noé's children. The first of these two siblings, Ofis, disembarked to the northwest of the continent, in the costs of Brazil, he/she went into for the river Amazons until reaching the mountain range of the Andes arriving later on to what today is Peru.
Therefore, Parvaim and Peru, they would be evidently the same thing, place of where it was extracted, every three years, 450 talents of gold to give them then to the king Salomón, besides the sandalwood wood, precious stones, monkeys and taken out turkeys of the amazon forest.
The second, Jectal, reached what today is Mexico directly. This would explain the name of Yucatan, this way: Jectán = Yoctán=Yucatán, arrival that produced their brother's same result in Parvaim: I pray, precious stones and ornamental animals.
Christopher Columbus: - he usually affirms that Cristóforo Columbus, only carried out four transatlantic trips, this is inexact; in fact they were five the trips that the Admiral carried out; in fact, the first one of those which, made in 1477, being tripulante of the English fleet, it is the one that spends for high.
Indeed, before navigating until the lacayas, in 1492, Columbus had already stepped American floor arriving to Iceland and Greenland, following the route of the siblings Nícolo and Antonio Zeno, Venetian navigators who discovered Greenland by the middle of the XIV century, and that they left a detailed story of his trip, as well as the respective sailing maps that years but it takes they were published in Europe.
This first trip, the discovery, you can divide in six stages: Of Sticks to Canaries, August 3-9: these islands were Castilian and they could not be surpassed without invading Portuguese waters. Columbus knew that could navigate toward occident for the parallel one 28 thanks to the trade of the north.
Of Canaries to Guanahaní (September 8 at October 12). Route toward the occident, on-line almost direct, until traveling 800 leagues; intents of Columbus and of some sailors to be returned; Chaffinch insists in the direction and force to Columbus to continue the project of going to the islands that you/they appear in the brought maps of Rome. Some days but it takes, two hours after the midnight of October 12, it seemed the earth sighted from the previous night, when a supposed, but impossible lucecilla of seeing at the distance in that they were, for the bend of the planet, made them predict “the discovery.”
Of Guanahaní to the island of Haiti, going by Cuba, of October 12, at January 16 1493. Of the Spaniard to the Azores, (January 16 at February 17), With two caravels, Columbus begins the return eligiendo the best route and in favor of the winds; but it arrived mistakenly in the Azores for blame of a storm, when he planned to arrive to Canaries; of Azores to Lisbon (February 24 at March 4), Accidental encounter with the king from Portugal who argues that the islands that are to the occident belong him for the treaty of 1479, because they are to the south of the Canaries. Of Lisbon with a stick (13 at March 15 1493). Columbus goes to his benefactors informing them of the trip, bringing like test some Indians, precious stones, diverse variety of birds, but in particular, a lot of gold.
Of all the attributable errors to Columbus, the most serious was the one of introducing the European slavery in America. In their first trip it captured ten Indians to exhibit them in the markets of Seville; equal was cruel with the Spaniards. The first chaplain that came with him in the second trip to the New World, the father Boyl, accused him of torturing.
In their last years, prey of desorbitadas ponderings and of opposing feelings, to the point that many thought it crazy, he began to call himself to itself viceroy from Asia, to be foredoomed by the Writings to discover a third mundo. Decepcionado for the treatment that received for their services to the kings, but not poor, he died in 1506 without being claimed before their fellow citizens.
THE OTHER DISCOVERIES: - (Francisco Anzuris Osorio, Liberal Vanguard). Siempre has been sold the idea that our American floor didn't exist in the mind of the Europeans before Christopher Columbus arrival with its depredadores retinue; and that it was Spain the author of so great work, and that we were done a great favor when bringing the civilization to these lands; civilization loaded with selfishness, ambition, wickedness, violations, looting, inquisition and other endemias of those that “they enjoyed” the correspondents of the Catholic kings. Now, in the beginnings of the XXI century, it is worthwhile to wonder, if it is certain or not, that whole rhetoric that for more than 500 years we have been inculcated.
Legends and traditions, were not able to interest the sages from the Europe of the XIV and XV centuries, on the existence of a completely unknown continent, to the other side of the ocean. These doctors didn't want to know anything him not to be in the Bible and grasped to a fanatic mysticism, it prevented them to accept the idea of the existence of other lands beyond the horizon because the divine book didn't say anything in this respect. Also, they were governed by the dogmatism imposed by the Vatican and its “Santa” Inquisition, and that he/she dared to think the opposite, it would be taken to the blaze by heretic.
As you it can appreciate, this concept was missed clearly, since the oldest document that one has knowledge regarding our lands, we find it, in fact in the same Bible, in the “I liberate of the Chronicles or Paralipómenos”, chapter III, verse 6; Chapter VIII, verses 17 and 18, and, Chapter IX, verses 10 and 21. In the “I Liberate of the Reyes”, Chapter X, verses 11 and 22, we are informed of transatlantic trips, with the purpose of taking gold to the king Salomón so that it covered the Temple of gold and precious stones, brought of the region of Parvaim, “tierras of the other side of the sea ocean”, for the ships of Hirám.
Many investigators and historians, agree in that Parvaim, Peru means. This gives us the idea that, from the king's times Salomón, ya one had knowledge of the existence from a great earth to the “another side of the sea ocean”. now then, from the author of a polyglot, Aryan Bible Montalvo, until celebrated illuminated English of the XIX century, Lord Kingsborough, one has wanted to represent the existence of the Amerindian in the biblical outline.
For Aryan Montalvo, the first ones in stepping American floor, were two of the children of Jactàn who in turn, he was great-grandson of Sem, one of Noé's children. The first of these two siblings, Ofis, disembarked to the northwest of the continent, in the costs of Brazil, he/she went into for the river Amazons until reaching the mountain range of the Andes arriving later on to what today is Peru.
Therefore, Parvaim and Peru, they would be evidently the same thing, place of where it was extracted, every three years, 450 talents of gold to give them then to the king Salomón, besides the sandalwood wood, precious stones, monkeys and taken out turkeys of the amazon forest.
The second, Jectal, reached what today is Mexico directly. This would explain the name of Yucatan, this way: Jectán = Yoctán=Yucatán, arrival that produced their brother's same result in Parvaim: I pray, precious stones and ornamental animals.
Christopher Columbus: - he usually affirms that Cristóforo Columbus, only carried out four transatlantic trips, this is inexact; in fact they were five the trips that the Admiral carried out; in fact, the first one of those which, made in 1477, being tripulante of the English fleet, it is the one that spends for high.
Indeed, before navigating until the lacayas, in 1492, Columbus had already stepped American floor arriving to Iceland and Greenland, following the route of the siblings Nícolo and Antonio Zeno, Venetian navigators who discovered Greenland by the middle of the XIV century, and that they left a detailed story of his trip, as well as the respective sailing maps that years but it takes they were published in Europe.
The supposed evidence is recently an old opposing map in Beijing; it is a copy of 1763 of a supposed map that had been drawn toward 1418, when the emperor Zhu gave, of the dinastía Ming, China governed. In their right superior corner it is written that it is “the general map of the integrated world”. AND in left inferior he says that it was drawn by Mo Yi Tong, copying the original of 1418.
The map was consulted with five expert collectors and all agreed that he had at least 300 years of antiquity. In the book 1421 “the year in that China discovered the world”, it is said that Gavin Menzies, the emperor's more important official Zheng Has, it was the first one in navigating the seven seas of the world; this man is an entire legend for the Chinese history: he was an eunuch of Muslim roots who knew how to climb positions in the court during all their life, until being made with the emperor's trust.
In 1405 it was chosen for comandar la bigger naval expedition of that time. Their fleet had 317 ships that on the average measured 90 meters long and 45 of wide; the biggest had nine masts, alcanzaba 134 meters long and 56 of wide, while Columbus's caravels didn't overcome the 15 meters long. Under their control he had 28.000 men, among those that sailors, interpreters, soldiers, artisans, doctors and meteorologists were. From 1405 up to 1433, Zheng Has it directed seven legendary trips in those that it visited 37 countries; it crossed the Indian ocean, the Gulf Peach traveled and it explored the oriental coast of África. Similar voyage was not of missing, because in the XV century the naval technology of China was the most advanced in the world.
The ships had unknown advances in West, as the helm fenestrado and the bulkheads to impede that they collapsed. According to the Chinese chronicles, it is known that it was in the islands Maldives, Sri Lanka, Calcutta and the African coast to Somalia; according to the chronicles, in 1421, the fleet arrived to the Islands of Green End, between África and Suramérica, and of there you dividió en three expeditions: one traveled North America, he gave the turn for the ocean Ártico and for the north of Asia. Another traveled the costs of Suramérica, it veered for Magellan's strait and it overcame the current of Humboldt until arriving in the Peru, later to Australia, again to America, from California to the Ecuador, and of there through the Philippines third returned to China. La the Antarctica he had discovered, navigating the seas of the south and journey the oriental south costs of Australia.
For many experts he gets the attention that there are not any written test or graph on the natives from America about the presence of the Chinese when, for Menzies, these would have established colonies in the New World. But more surprising it is that there are not Christian or Islamic registrations that give bill of a trip of such dimensions, mainly because they were civilizations with those that could establish commercial and cultural exchanges.
Also, according to the historian Isaac Bigio, six centuries ago the Chinese already had printings and they left rakes written for where they happened, and Menzies doesn't show any vestige of this type. “That the Chinese have arrived in America before Columbus is highly unlikely. First, because their exploración marítima never moved away from the costs. Second, because there are not official registrations of the feat, and the Chinese are very rigorous with their written memory. The hypothesis is untenable”, he tells the sinólogo Guillermo Puyana.
For many it is impossible that the Chinese circumnavigated the world in that time and, of being authentic the map of 1763, would not have way to demonstrate that non sea una copies of the maps and data of browsers europeos. En all case, the Chinese map has revived the historical debate of until where it arrived Zheng there are really in their voyages, and there is not doubt that its hypothesis could have something of verdad.
