PILAR Gómez Echeverri - BOGOTÁ (Colombia)
The current world is subjected to a period of transition caused by the “boom” that has generated the biotechnology and its applications in the agriculture, that which has unchained numerous debates on which they can be the possible implications from the biotechnology to level of plants transgénics and possibly how it affects the human being this development.
The biotechnology, per you, doesn't affect the man in its cosmovision, but if it affects it as soon as its form of seeing the nature; since the fact of being able to manipulate the components is a fact that implies a deep meaning, and he invites the man to be questioned which is its true paper in the world and in a wider sense if he has the right and the duty of managing the nature to its way, being given the luxury of modifying the variables that they have gone transforming the world in what we see at the moment today along millions of years and it can be about to disappear for the wild acts of an imprudent generation that he doesn't thoroughly know up to where its actions same envelope can arrive the nature.
At the end of last century the biotechnology began to play an important paper from the development of the DNA recombinante when it was possible to insert genes of organisms from a species to another species with practical results.
The world of possibilities that this technology offers they are managed by the multinational powers, he stops then to offer them to the public generating monopoly.
It is necessary to mention that most of the countries are making own efforts to generate biotechnology, but until the alone moment the multinationals are those that have the best results and they are owners of the patents of genes that are within reach of the scientists and it is a very expensive technology.
On the other hand, the countries that don't have easy access to the biotechnology are those that depend on the agriculture like own sustenance and they must appeal to technology that is not expensive starting from local resources. A solution to the agriculture without having access to the biotechnology is the agriculture ecology that this based on the knowledge of biological cycles of a certain region, climate, relationships simbióticas, diners and floors, among other, on the part of the peasants that the lands work.
The peasants are the main farmers of lands in the sub-developed countries that at the moment they don't have reach to the biotechnology, they are the direct consumers of the crops that themselves cultivates and their sustenance is the agriculture the same as it stops their countries.
It is for both a better focus to their agrarian politicians the agriculture ecology that the biotechnology.
Is the Agriculture ecology a new science that looks for to integrate the art of cultivating the earth making it but productive, and sustainable, interrelating the natural elements that it offers him the local area (overgrowths, etc.) with the new ones (?) methods and appropriate natural fertilizers for each cultivation and region without minimizing the animals and cultivations bordering.
Keeping in mind the above-mentioned, Ricardo Cerón says: “In a generic way, the agriculture-ecology could be considered as the theoretical base and practice of the alternative agriculture.
In their wider sense, that discipline has been defined as the agriculture type that incorporates practical of under negative impact in the environmental thing and the social thing; he not only concentrates on the production but in the ecological of production systems.”
The agriculture-ecology is view how a practice of under environmental impact since they are considered the environmental conditions to those that is subjected, and technologies are used, as the rotation of cultivations that is the successive plantation of different cultivations in oneself land; the alternative handling of nutritious, to reduce the necessity of fertilizers by means of a more efficient handling of the cycles of the nutrients and an application but he specifies of the fertilizers; sources like the leguminous ones for the help of the nitrogen fixation in a rotation.
And in a social way he has a first floor negative impact because he/she not only concentrates on the production but in the ecological of production systems, it is the sustenance of their economy.
This method goes directly on the rural farmers, it is equal relatively to the siembra space. It is good to preserve the local biodiversity and the erosion.
The biotechnology is another modern method that is used to facilitate the industrial processes of agricultural production, by means of genetic manipulation as for the insert or removal of small fragments of DNA.
It is said that the agricultural biotechnology is the solution to the hunger caused by the envelope population that harbors the world, because the biotechnology has techniques to increase the production of foods, and to redraw the existent plants so that they are resistant to plagues, low of nutritious, etc.
And this way to reduce the use of these and don't damage to the means. Some data that are known of the biotechnology are that the development of tolerant varieties to herbicides.
The development of resistant cultivations to plagues to reduce the use of insecticides. The production of variety able to fix nitrogen.
The first floor environmental impact of the liberation of altered organisms genetically. The equal access to this technology. The problems of hunger and rural poverty will be solved for increment in the agricultural production.
The corporations manufacturers of pesticides in association with biotechnology companies work in the development of variety of tolerant cultivations to more benign herbicides and of wide spectrum.
The development to resistant varieties to illnesses and and insects are of wide commercial application, and numerous resistant varieties have been achieved. “It consists on transferring of the bacteria BT Bacillus thuringiensis a gene that expresses the toxin of the bacteria in the cells of the cultivation” (Hindmarsh 1992).
This way the toxin of the bacteria expands for leaves, shafts and fruits infecting the insect. The corporations indicate that it is since a healthy method it doesn't use the chemical pesticide.
The biotechnical industry affirms that the risks associated with the liberation of altered organisms don't pass environmental risks. The cultivations transgénicos nowadays occupy more than 4402 million hectares.
The United States, Canada, and Argentina are the countries more producing of transgénicos, those most used ones are soya fríjol, corn and canola in wide varieties transgénicas.
The big multinational owners of these products are: Monsanto, DuPont, Norvatis, (Altieri, 2001) Corpoica is in Colombia.
To begin the controversy it digs to point out that the sub-developed countries are those that have the agriculture like main source of their revenues, they are those that have problem of hunger and poverty.
The biotechnology has as promise the access it is equal to this technology on the part of all the big and small producers, (Hindmarsh 1992) but this is very difficult, almost impossible, of completing since the small farmers don't have easy access to this technology, either for lack of money or for lack of opportunities.
Then this technology this created for the big farmers that enjoy good capital and markets. While the agriculture-ecology goes direct to the context of the sustainable development for the field and peasants.
Another difficulty that it is presented in the biotechnology it is that the tolerance to herbicides is not completely long term, because the quick evolution of overgrowths to a great range of herbicides (they have been but of 100 tolerant species to herbicides) he reveals that the adaptability of the overgrowths and the difficulty that the traditional herbicides can be easily replaced by new herbicides and but benign.
The resistance to plagues demonstrates that when being constantly in the plants, it carries out strong selection pressures favoring insects that tolerate the biotoxina of BT.
This would be problematic because this bacteria (BT) it has been used successfully as an alternative method for the control of worms and plagues, and he would leave many farmers without an useful tool used along many years.
For the nitrogen fixation, the not rotation of cultivations could increase erosion problems that the agriculture-ecology if he/she has it and besides conserving the floor, it is also beneficent for the dynamics of plagues and diversification.
The liberation of altered organisms the introduction of altered seeds can cause genetic erosion when abandoning the farmers its native germo-plasm.
To conclude the biotechnology it increases the level of social inequality at level of agricultural production, for that which a new focus of rural development is needed that is based on the use of local resources and ecological technologies agriculture according to the socio-economic and biophysical conditions of the agricultural communities.
Another solution alternative to the inequality is the interaction of the biotechnology with the agriculture-ecology but when they are already had clear the negative consequences of the monkey-cultivations and to correct them, rather, to have a study but wide with clear solutions, of the secondary effects that cause the genes in the health and sanity of the floor, of the human, of the beings that like plants and animals are located.
The agriculture-ecology is known recently, but it integrates natural entities used behind by the farmers from several centuries as the almoraluz that is an insecticide grass that the peasants use and the alternate with its cultivation for certain plagues as the insect that is known as white feather in the Florida Cundinamarca, in the sidewalk The Pike, or they macerate it and they mix it with water and they water it.
Then this indicates that the peasants familiarize with the resources that the local area offers them, technology and the innovations like the humus taken place by the worms in the lumbri-cultivations.
It is important that they know it (peasants) to avoids the use of pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides etc. that themselves promoted and they caused the ecological crisis of the agriculture.
The biotechnology is not viable for small farmers, because they don't have the necessary budget to acquire it since it is very expensive.
It is important that the peasants know other technological focuses as the organic ecology or the agriculture-ecology that demonstrate that they are able to create a really healthy, sustainable, socially fair and viable agriculture economically.
The agriculture-ecology goes directly with the small or big farmer since the agricultural product is one of the richest production sources in this country and it is feeding most of him, then it is needed products of excellent quality for a good feeding, sanity and health.
The agriculture-ecology is viable for the peasant for its low prices, the used technology is the autochthonous one, it reduces risks and it embraces to all the agricultural areas from those excluded until the most grateful and with more capital.
When making a journey for those “advantages” of the biotechnology you leave clearly that it increases the environmental and social problems of to the modern agriculture.
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